Common Elements of Board Games
Board
The place on which the game takes place.
Pawn
Present almost in all board games. Usually moved through spaces on the board.
Detailed Pawns
Adventure games can have very detailed figures to add climate.
Token
Common. Used to mark resources, actions, victory points, units, buildings, anything really. Usually cardboard, but wooden ones are not rare.
Dice
A cube with engraved number on each face, from 1 to 6. Extremely common in games, usually used for deciding movement or some kind of power. Using 2 dice in a roll introduces probability dynamics.
Complex Dice
More complicated games can have custom dice, with 4, 8, 16 and more faces. Dice can show letters or symbols instead of numbers
Cards
Used interchangeably with tokens as characters, resources, events etc. Some board games use cards for everything. Even the board itself can be built with cards.
Hourglass
Used to limit time for answering a question or solving a puzzle. Common in quiz games. Usually 1,2 or 3 minutes.
Wheel of Choice
The player spins the wheel which usually has some words or numbers on it. As a result he gets some reward or penalty, or maybe a task.